PRECICE nail for the management of posttraumatic bone defects with nonunion or malunion: Experience from a Latin American center.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the clinical outcomes using the PRECICE magnetic limb lengthening intramedullary nail for the correction of lower limb length discrepancies (LLD) in adults with posttraumatic nonunion or malunion defects in a Latin American center. METHODS: A retrospective review of 25 adult patients with LLD associated with posttraumatic nonunion or malunion defects of femur or tibia treated with the PRECICE nail between January 2018 and December 2020. The primary outcomes considered were lengthening length achieved in mm, incidence of complications and quality of life (EQ-5D-3 L questionnaire). RESULTS: Twenty-five cases (20 femoral and 5 tibial nails) were performed, with a median follow-up of 27 months (Interquartile range-IQR: 17.5 to 34.5). The average age was 36.5 ± 12.9 years; 10 cases were women. Fifteen cases had an LLD secondary to a malunion defect and 10 cases had an LLD secondary to a nonunion. PRECICE nails were inserted for the treatment of a median LLD of 40.0 mm (IQR: 30.2 to 74.2) in the femur and 30.0 mm (28.5 to 50.0) in the tibia. An accuracy of 100% was reported in 18 cases (Femur: 14 and tibia: 4) and consolidation was achieved in 22/25 cases with the PRECICE nail in situ. Complications were recorded in 9 (36%) cases (6/20 femur, 3/5 tibia), mainly related to the consolidation process (5/9). The median EQ-5D and EQ-VAS were 0.79 (IQR: 0.63 to 0.79) and 80.0 (IQR: 50.0 to 90.0), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrated that the PRECICE nail is an effective device for the management of posttraumatic LLD during the treatment of nonunion or malunion bone defects of femur and tibia, offering a reasonable quality of life, despite its postoperative complication risk.

Treatment of extraarticular knee extension contracture secondary to prolonged external fixation by a modified Judet quadricepsplasty technique.

The goal of this study is to evaluate the functional results of the modified Judet quadricepsplasty for a knee extension contracture secondary to prolonged external fixation. This is a retrospective study of 31 patients with the diagnosis of an extraarticular knee extension contracture who had prolonged external fixation of the femur. Functional assessment was conducted after a minimum follow-up of 1 year. After performing the functional assessment, according to the Judet scale, 51% of the 31 patients had good results and 19.35% (6 cases) showed excellent results. The improvement in mobility from pre-operative to post-operative range of motion was significant. The performance of the technique, following the authors' described steps and making the subsequent modifications, allowed for partial knee mobility restoration, which significantly improved the patients' functional status. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV. Series of cases.

Submuscular plating of the femur through an anterior approach after bone distraction.

The method of osteogenesis by distraction is a known technique in orthopaedics for the management of bone defects secondary to trauma, infections or tumours. New strategies have been developed for decreasing the external fixator time. The use of the minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis technique is a secure approach through a percutaneous fixation technique in the anterior aspect of the femur that permits minimal dissection of the soft tissues while preventing cross-contamination with the pin tracts of the external fixators. The goal of this article is to show that a new surgical technique, to preserve the benefits related to the internal fixation and at the same time decrease the risk of infection, can be used to perform femoral plating after bone distraction with a low contact plate through an anterior approach to the femur while still taking adequate care of the soft tissues.

Initial treatment of combat related limb injuries in Colombia / Manejo inicial de lesiones en extremidades asociadas al conflicto armado en Colombia

Introduction: Injuries caused by high-energy war weapons are frequent in Colombia. This type of weaponry produces highly complex injuries to the musculoskeletal system that is challenging for health professionals. Objectives: To describe various combat related injuries in Colombia and treatment. Methodology: This is a series of cases from a retrospective cohort including Colombian civilians, police and army personnel wounded in combat areas between January 2012 and March 2013. Demographic variables, injury characteristics, treatment, length of hospital stay, morbidity and mortality were all analysed. Results: 219 patients were admitted, 92% males (n=202). Average age was 26 ± 12 years. Mechanisms of trauma included explosive devices (44%), gunshot wounds (36%) and anti-personnel mines (16%). Limb injuries were identified in 72% (n=159). There were 120 soft tissue lesions, 82 limb fractures of which 14 fractures occurred in the spine and pelvis. 34 patients sustained injuries caused by anti-personnel mines, 35% of whom required limb amputation. Overall 73% patients were treated at Intensive Care Units (ICU). Mortality rate was 2.7%. Conclusion: Orthopaedic injuries due to war weapons are complex, require a comprehensive approach, and one or multiple surgical interventions. In our series, mortality rate was low but the severity of the injuries produced permanent disabilities such as limb amputation.

Introducción: Las lesiones de alta energía causadas por armas de guerra son frecuentes en Colombia. Este tipo de armamento produce lesiones muy complejas en el sistema musculoesquelético que son un reto para los profesionales de salud. Objetivos: Describir las lesiones relacionadas con el conflicto armado en Colombia. Metodología: Se trata de una serie de casos a partir de una cohorte restrospectiva que incluye civiles, policías y militares heridos en combate entre Enero 2012 y Marzo 2013. Se analizaron variables demográficas, características de la lesión, tratamiento, tiempo de hospitalización, morbilidad y mortalidad. Resultados: Se admitieron 219 pacientes, 92% hombres (n=202). La edad promedio fue 26 ± 12 años. El mecanismo de trauma incluyó explosivos (44%), heridas por arma de fuego (36%) y minas anti-persona (36%). En 72% de los casos hubo compromiso de extremidades (n=159). Hubo 120 lesiones de tejidos blandos y 82 fracturas en extremidades. Además hubo 14 fracturas en columna y pelvis. 34 pacientes tuvieron lesiones por mina anti-persona, de los cuales 35% requirieron amputación. En general, 73% requirieron hospitalización en la unidad de cuidados intensivos y la mortalidad fue del 2.7%. Conclusión: Las lesiones ortopédicas por armas de guerra son complejas, requieren un abordaje multidisciplinario y una o más intervenciones quirúrgicas. En esta serie la mortalidad fue baja, pero la severidad de las lesiones produjo discapacidad permanente como es el caso de los amputados.

Clavicular caution: an anatomic study of neurovascular structures.

Open reduction and internal fixation of the clavicle is used to treat displaced fractures of the midshaft of the clavicle. Complications of operative intervention include injuries to major neurovascular structures including the subclavian artery and vein. Unlike other surgical approaches, palpation or visualization of the deep neurovascular structures at risk is rarely performed and is not part of the routine approach. This study aims to further elucidate the relationship of major neurovascular structures in the shoulder to the clavicle using sectioned fresh frozen cadaveric specimens. Using five cadaveric specimens, sagittal sections were performed using a band saw. Sections were taken every 15mm. Using these sections, structures were identified and photos were taken using a standardized approach to allow for precise and accurate measurements. Measurements taken included the distance from the nearest clavicular cortex to the centre of the subclavian artery, vein, and brachial plexus. These measurements were taken from five limbs on five different cadavers. Our results were consistent with previous studies. Medially, the subclavian vein was intimately related medially (4.8mm) to the clavicle, whereas the artery and brachial plexus were both >2cm from the clavicle. At about the junction of the middle and second-thirds of the clavicle, all three structures were within 2cm of the clavicle. Moving laterally, these structures moved further away and at the acromioclavicular (AC) joint were at least 4.5cm away from the clavicle on average. This study reiterates that the medial third of the clavicle is closely associated with neurovascular structures and that care should be taken here when using drills, depth gauges, and clamps.

Complications of operative treatment of clavicle fractures in a Level I Trauma Center.

Traditionally, the belief is that the clavicle heals readily and with nonoperative treatment. Since evidence suggests that many clavicles benefit from operative care, the aim of this study was to find the incidence of complications after operative treatment of clavicle fractures. This retrospective study includes 56 patients (41 male and 15 female) who were treated operatively for clavicle fractures between 2010 and 2012. The indications were displacement more than 20 mm, comminution, tenting of the skin, floating shoulder, and open fractures. Seventy-five percent of the fractures occurred in the midshaft and 25 % in the lateral third of the clavicle. There were no fractures of the medial third. The midshaft fractures were either plated with 3.5 mm reconstruction plates or anatomical locking plates. For internal fixation of the lateral fractures, we used acromioclavicular hook plates. The mean follow-up period was 4.6 months (range 1.0-28.0). Three patients did not participate in the follow-up. There were 12 patients with complications (21 %). Five of them required reoperations. Two patients were reoperated due to clavicle nonunions, two patients due to traumatic refracture of the plated clavicle, and one because of pain caused by the plate. Four cases developed superficial infections, and there was one patient with a deep tissue infection. None of the patients showed signs of neurovascular impairment postoperatively. None of the patients complained about decreased range of motion or loss of muscle strength postoperatively. Plating of clavicle fractures is a procedure that results in lower rates of malunion, nonunion, and functional impairment compared with nonoperative treatment. Nonetheless, one case in ten has a complicated course. Attention to technique and careful follow-up may prevent these problems.

Fracturas expuestas de húmero: serie de casos entre los años 1998 y 2007 / Humeral open fractures: case series

Introducción: tradicionalmente, las fracturas diafisarias de húmero se han manejado de forma conservadora; sin embargo, las lesiones expuestas tienen un tratamiento diferente desde el punto de vista quirúrgico. Las fracturas expuestas de húmero secundarias a accidentes de tránsito o a traumas de alta energía se asocian a otras lesiones en la extremidad como, por ejemplo, compromiso nervioso o vascular, que pueden comprometer la viabilidad de la misma. El objetivo de este estudio es describir las lesiones, las complicaciones y los resultados funcionales secundarios a fracturas expuestas de la diáfisis del húmero en una serie de pacientes. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo tipo serie de casos de los pacientes mayores de 18 años que ingresaron con diagnóstico de fractura diafisaria de húmero expuesta según la clasificación de Gustilo-Anderson al Hospital Universitario del Valle, Cali, entre 1998 y 2007. Resultados: se evaluaron las fracturas diafisarias de húmero en un periodo de 10 años, encontrando 159 fracturas expuestas. La mayoría fueron secundarias a heridas por proyectil de arma de fuego y fueron tratadas principalmente de forma ortopédica. Las fracturas expuestas grado IIIB y IIIC se manejaron con fijación externa. Los pacientes no realizaron un control adecuado por la consulta externa. Discusión: las fracturas expuestas grado III fueron llevadas a manejo quirúrgico con fijación externa como medida de control de daño obteniendo resultados funcionales aceptables en los pacientes evaluados. Para mejorar la calidad de la intervención en los pacientes con fracturas expuestas de húmero, es necesario realizar un protocolo unificado de manejo.

Experiencia con el fijador articulado en el manejo de la inestabilidad severa del codo / Elbow external fixator for management severe instability

Objetivo: describir la experiencia de los últimos 7 años con fijadores articulados utilizados en el manejo del trauma severo de codo, posterior a la liberación de contracturas articulares y en luxaciones abandonadas. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo tipo serie de casos de pacientes a quienes se les colocó un fijador articulado de codo entre los años 2000 y 2007. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de 20 pacientes y se registraron los datos en un formulario diseñado para tal fin. Al final del tratamiento se aplicó el índice funcional para codo de la Clínica Mayo para realizar una evaluación objetiva. Resultados: el tiempo promedio con el fijador fue de 3,2 meses (0,7 a 9). Once pacientes asistieron al último control y se les aplicó el índice funcional encontrando los siguientes resultados: excelente en el 63,6% de los casos, bueno en el 27,2% y regular en el 9%. Los arcos de movilidad articular pasaron en promedio de 35,4 a 84,8º y de 70,8º a 133º en flexoextensión y en pronosupinación respectivamente. Trece pacientes requirieron uno o varios procedimientos complementarios durante la colocación del fijador. En 7 pacientes (35%) se presentaron complicaciones; la más frecuente fue la infección en el tracto de los clavos (osteítis). Conclusiones: el fijador articulado de codo proporciona una alternativa viable para el manejo de lesiones complejas agudas o crónicas y como protección de los tejidos blandos cuando se realiza liberación de contracturas. La ventaja del fijador, al tener un diseño acorde con la biomecánica de la articulación, es que permite un inicio temprano de la movilidad.